نشریه تازه ها در میکروب شناسی دامپزشکی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a deadly viral infection (mortality rate between 3 and 30%) reported from more than 30 countries. The disease is common between humans and animals and can be transmitted through tick bites, contact with blood and secretions or carcasses of infected animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CCHF virus in ticks isolated from domestic livestock in rural areas of Birjand city in South Khorasan province. In this study, 390 livestock including 167 sheep, 205 goats, 9 cows and 9 camels were sampled in four villages (Nofarest, Hassanabad, Amirabad and Shaukatabad) of Birjand county. Eight species of hard ticks were identified, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus (21.9%), Hyalomma detritium (25%), Hyalomma marginatum (2.4%), Hyalomma anatolicum (0.8%), Hyalomma asiaticum (1.6%), Hyalomma dromedarii (43). %) And other Hyalomma (4.7%). The presence of virus was confirmed in 15.9% of the samples sent to the laboratory by reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). the virus was observed in: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma detritium and Hyalomma asiaticum. The most infected hosts were sheep and goats, and the ticks caught were all from lowland areas. The villages of this region can be considered endemic for CCHF. Therefore, it is recommended to follow controlling and monitoring policies in the region more carefully.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thyme, peppermint, cumin, dill, and fennel essential oils on Escherichia coli isolated from poultry feces. The essential oil of the plants used was obtained with a Clevenger Apparatus. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from poultry feces, isolated, and finally the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum lethal concentration were determined by Fine-grained method. All strains of Escherichia coli at concentrations, 1.56 mg/ml were inhibited by both thyme and peppermint. The MBC (3.12 mg / ml) for Zataria multiflora and peppermint has inhibited one- and two-way, respectively. All Escherichia coli strains at concentrations of 0.63 mg/ml were inhibited by all three cumin, dill, and fennel plants. The MBC (1.25 mg / ml) for cumin has led to double-sided control, but the concentration for dill and fennel was 5 mg/ml. The results showed that cumin, thyme, peppermint and then fennel and dill essential oils, respectively, with emphasis on the effectiveness of cumin essential oil, can be useful alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents to treat infections caused by Escherichia coli bacteria.

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the Prebunyaviridae family and Orthobunyavirus genus. SBV is a teratogenic arbovirus, infecting pregnant ruminants, and results in offspring with congenital defects such as scoliosis, hydrocephalus, arthrogryposis, cerebellar hypoplasia and enlarged thymus. The purpose of this review was to conduct a systematic review to show the spread of SBV in Iran and neighboring countries including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Iraq, Russia, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Qatar. In this study, 9 English and Persian databases including Magiran, Irandoc, SID, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PubMed were reviewed. Of the 55 studies found, 12 studies met the criteria defined in the purpose of this study. The results of the study indicated the presence of SBV in a number of domestic animals such as horses, cows, sheep, goats and camels. In Iran, only one study was found to be conducted on the prevalence of the disease which indicates that horses are infected (5%). Turkey and Pakistan showed the highest percentages of positive serum samples in cattle (39.82%) and camels (86%) respectively. Due to the proximity and livestock exchanges between Iran and Turkey in the northwest of the country, as well as between Iran and Pakistan in the southeast, precautionary measures are recommended by veterinary officials.

pregnancy wastage is a serious economic problem in the reproductive management of dairy and beef farms. Various agents including genetic disorders, nutritional deficiencies, poisonings, physical injuries and infections cause pregnancy loss in cows. Infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi have a significant effect on pregnancy loss of cows. Diagnosis of infectious abortive agents in each region is necessary to control and prevent abortions on farms. The purpose of this study is to review all studies that have investigated viral agents of cattle pregnancy loss in Iran. Therefore, all Persian and English articles on the subject of cattle abortion with viral origin or any of the viruses causing abortion were searched in databases including Scince Direct, Pub Med, Scopus, Google Scholar, Magiran and Iran Doc. All the studies found were placed in the tables for easier analysis. The data of present study indicate that although many studies show a high prevalence of viral infections causing pregnancy loss of cattle including BVD and IBR viruses, but studies investigate their role in pregnancy loss of cattle in Iran are few. These few studies indicate that BVD and IBR viruses have a significant role in causing abortion in cattle in Iran. Only one study has examined the role of Blue tongue virus in bovine abortion in Iran, which no trace of this virus has been found.

Toxoplasmosis is a common infectious disease (zoonosis) with worldwide spread. It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan with global distribution. The present study was a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of Toxoplasmosis and its associated risk factors with the aim of investigating more information related to T. gondii infection in Kermanshah. In this study, 2470 serum samples were collected from suspects referred to the reference laboratory during a period of one year (2019-2020) and evaluated anti T. gondii, IgG IgM antibodies by using ELISA&DAT method. Multivariate data analysis was performed using Chi-Square Pearson and Fisher statistical tests by SPSS ver.18 software with significant P levels less than 0.05. The overall prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in the study population was 25.4% (P

Recently, studies have been conducted to use plant compounds as natural preservatives in foods. So, the objective of this study was first to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Aloe vera, German chamomile and Mentha piperita L cultivated in Medicinal plants farm of agricultural research institute of zabol university, against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms associated with pasteurized milk including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli and the next stage was to investigate the impact of ethanolic extracts of aloe vera and German chamomile on the shelf life of pasteurized milk. The results indicated that Aloe vera had the most antimicrobial activity followed by German chamomile and Mentha piperita L respectively (P<0.05). In general, the ethanolic extract of studied plants was found to posses more powerful antibacterial activity than methanolic one (P<0.05). Ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera and German chamomile were evaluated as natural preservatives at concentrations of 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 (% v/v). The results revealed that the treatments of pasteurized milk with 0.3% and 0.15% of German chamomile and also Aloe vera with a concentration of 0.3% with acceptable sensory properties had a significantly lower total microbial count and longer shelf life compared to the control sample. Therefore, this study confirmed the possibility of using of the extract of mentioned plants as a preservative in pasteurized milk besides its beneficial properties of a functional food.

Neospora caninum is a livestock protozoan parasite that causes reproductive damages in sheep and goats. Neospora caninum infection is a long-term complication and the host will be lifelong infected, and abortions caused by Neospora caninum may occur after any pregnancy after infection. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in female Markhoz goats of Saqqez County. To this end, we tested 180 serum samples by ELISA. Among them, 4 serum samples (2.2%) were positive. One (1.44%) out of 69 Markhoz goats under 1 years old and 3 (2.7%) out of 111 Markhoz goats over 1 years old were positive in terms of infection with Neospora caninum. The statistical examination indicated no significant relationship between the rate of infection and age groups (p>0.05). The statistical analyses also indicated a significant relationship between the rate of infection in sheep and history of abortion (p<0.05). The research results found the low environmental exposure of native goats to Neospora caninum. Despite the low prevalence of Neospora caninum in the present study, great attention should be paid to control strategies to avoid the risk of infection. Furthermore, more studies should be conducted to better evaluate its prevalence in these animals.

Staphylococcus aureus is the causing agent of endocarditis, sepsis and Staphylococcal food poisoning. The purpose of this study was to assess erythromycin sensitivity in 50 Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin Sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) isolates from bovine raw milk and also to determine the distribution of erythromycin resistance genes among the isolates. Broth microdilution method was used to determine vancomycin resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration of erythromycin. The presence of the ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes encoding erythromycin resistance was examined by PCR. 84% of the isolates were susceptible while 16% were resistant to vancomycin. A single isolate of S. aureus was sensitive to erythromycin which did not possess any of the erythromycin resistance genes. 90% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, of which, no resistance gene were found in 24.4% and 51.1% were ermB positive. ErmA was not found in any of the isolates. Simultaneous presence of resistance genes was detected in eight isolates. There was not any significant relationship between erythromycin resistance genes and MICE. 37.5% of VRSA isolates contained none of the erythromycin resistance genes while 25% contained two resistance genes. Mean MICE of VRSA was higher than VSSA isolates. All the VRSA isolates were also erythromycin resistant. There was no significant relationship between erythromycin resistance genes and vancomycin sensitivity.

Avian influenza disease is one of the most significant contagious diseases that can infect many birds, either in commercial farms or in indigenous birds. There have been many reports on the highly pathogenic H5 subtype of avian influenza outbreaks from Iran's industrial poultry farms in recent years. Anseriformes, as the main reservoir of the virus, play a critical role in the epidemiology of the disease. This study was conducted to detect antibodies against the H5 subtype of avian influenza viruses in the yolk of native ducks. Seventy duck eggs were collected from different cities of Gilan province (Rasht, Anzali, SoomeSara, Fuman, Astaneh Ashrafie, Langroud und Chaboksar) from April to September of 2020. The aquatic phase of eggs was separate and subjected to the OIE approved HI standard test using H5 specific antigen. 11.43% of tested samples showed antibodies against the H5 subtype of influenza virus. This study demonstrates the circulation of the H5 subtype viruses among the native duck population of the north of Iran.

Mycoplasma haemofelis is small wall-less bacteria with worldwide prevalence that infect erythrocytes and without effective treatment may cause death. The failure of most antibiotic therapy protocols to effective elimination of this potentially zoonotic agent highlights the necessity to determine an optimal treatment. A two-year-old domestic shorthair cat was referred to veterinary hospital of Urmia University with symptoms of lethargy, fever, jaundice and anemia. Clinical findings, the results of Giemsa stained blood smear and polymerase chain reaction on 16S rRNA confirmed the infection caused by M. haemofelis. Doxycycline (10 mg/kg PO q24h) was administered for 4 weeks. However, no clinical improvement was achieved and persistence of M. haemofelis infection was observed on cytology. After starting dual therapy with the addition of ciprofloxacin (20 mg/kg PO q24h) for two weeks, elimination of bacteremia was confirmed by cytological re-examination and negative result of polymerase chain reaction as the preferred diagnostic method. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of bacteremia elimination caused by M. haemofelis using dual treatment with doxycycline and ciprofloxacin. It is suggested that this protocol be tried for more feline patients.

Salmonella and Escherichia coli are important bacteria that cause intestinal infections and diarrhea. The increment of salmonella and E.coli antibiotic resistance is considered as a major global problem. Since indoor dogs are known as potential reservoirs for these two bacteria, this study was designed for investigation of antibiotic resistance pattern of salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from rectal and perineal region skin swabs of these dogs in Esfahan province. Skin and rectal swabs obtained from 100 dogs referred to veterinary clinics, were cultured for bacterial isolation. After bacterial culture and isolation, salmonella and E.coli positive colonies were confirmed using Polymerase chain reaction. Then the presence of the most prevalent antibiotic resistance genes were investigated using PCR method and phenotypic patterns were determined using disc diffusion method. All of the E.coli bacteria isolated from rectal samples were resistant to gentamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. Furthermore, all of salmonella rectal isolates were resistant to tetracycline. dfrA1 gene was detected in all of E.coli bacteria isolated from rectal swabs. Tet B and dfrA1 were the most detected genes in salmonella typhimurium bacteria isolated from rectal swabs. Multiple antibiotic resistance in these isolates shows extra usage of antibiotics and to overcome this problem, antibiogram test is suggested to choose the best antibiotic for the treatment of infectious disease.

Infectious bronchitis disease is one the most important diseases in poultry industry worldwide. Although vast vaccination with different vaccines the virus causes major economic losses in commercial poultry production. The main object of this study was to detect infectious bronchitis virus infection in respiratory complex in broiler chicken flocks. Tissue samples from 35 flocks in central and south regions of Iran in 2018 and 2019 were collected and investigated by RT-PCR reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, Nucleotide sequence of partial S1 gene was amplified then evaluated. Totally from 35 flock with vaccination history against IBV and suffering from respiratory problems15 flocks were positive for IBV infection (42/85 percent). Two genotype was detected including GI-23 Is/1494 like (variant2) and Mass type ones. IS/1494 like viruses isolated in this study were clustered with other Variant2 viruses reported from Iran which has increasing trend recent years. Massachussete viruses were not clustered with Iranian mass type viruses including vaccinal strains and had some differences. Thereafter result of this study indicates that even with frequent vaccination, IBVs can  cause outbreaks and severe problems in vaccinated chicken flocks.

The expansion of the poultry industry and the intensive breeding of birds indoors have led to respiratory infections of several different infectious agents, especially avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis. Evidence suggest that these agents act synergistically with each other in affected flocks.  Twenty broiler flocks with respiratory infection in Golestan province were selected. Trachea and kidney samples were transferred to the laboratory, and PCR was carried out to detect ND, IB, and H9 influenza viruses. According to the results, Flocks were more involved with IB infection (20%), and then ND (15%) and H9 influenza (10%) were more prevalent, respectively. Also, among these respiratory complex infections, the coinfection of IB with ND (20%) and AI (20%) viruses was the more common. According to the conclusions of this study, infectious bronchitis virus played the most crucial role in the development of respiratory complexes, and co-infection with Newcastle disease virus and Influenza H9 also causes severe symptoms and mortality in the Flocks. It is recommended that accurate epidemiological studies be conducted each year to determine the prevalence of risk factors of this disease and vaccines' efficiency in Flocks. This is the first comprehensive study on the respiratory complex of broiler herds in Golestan province, one of the centers of chicken meat production in the country.

In general, nosocomial infections are those infections that are limited or diffuse and are caused by pathogenic reactions related to the infectious agent or its toxins in the hospital, provided that at least 48 to 72 hours After admission, the patient should be hospitalized and at the time of admission, the person should not have obvious signs of infection or be in the latent period of the disease. The causes of nosocomial infections are discussed. The bacteria used in this study included standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 14028), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 6538) and Streptococcus pyogenes (19606 ATCC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The bacteria used in this study were transferred to their specific media including McConkey agar (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Parker agar board (Staphylococcus aureus), blood agar (Streptococcus pyogenes) and chocolate agar (Acinetobacter baumannii). Scanning electron microscope was used to measure the dimensions and shape of silver nanoparticles. Infrared spectroscopy was also performed to investigate possible organic compounds that could be involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Microplate method was used to investigate the effect of fungal and silver nanocomplexes in inhibiting the biofilm formation of bacteria used in this study. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between biofilm formation in the presence of nano-complex of Ganoderma and silver extracts; Among them, Staphylococcus aureus had a weak biofilm, Acinetobacter baumannii had no biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had a weak biofilm and Streptococcus pyogenes had a strong biofilm. Fungal and silver nanocomplexes have antibacterial activity in various concentrations and also this complex has a growth inhibitory concentration and also has the ability to inhibit biofilm formation. Due to the good antibacterial activity of this compound, this compound can be used in various medical applications.